Aleryani. Coach Will Rikard. British Literature. 25 January

Aleryani Coach Will Rikard British Literature 25 January 2017 Robert Frost Inspired by many great ones before him, Robert Lee Frost reached the pinnacle of literary and poetic greatness. He lived a life full of suffering, lost most of his loved ones, and even thought of suicide at one point. He loved one woman for forty years. He suffered from depression when he recited Twilight to her and she demurred him. Robert Frost s aesthetic view on the world in his poem stopping by woods on a snowy evening is linked to his modernism projected in The Road Not Taken (Robert Frost s concept of choice and modernism can be seen in his poems Road Not Taken and Stopping by Woods On A Snowy Evening.) William Prescott, Frost s father, was a†¦show more content†¦He received more than forty honorary degrees, and was even invited the inauguration of John F. Kennedy where he wrote The Gift Outright. Gerber Philip said this in his biography: As Frost ponders the lot of individual man, he stresses the human being as an entity. One among many, man yet remains single and alone with his fate. Life holds the possibility of terror and the potential of beauty. To know which it is to be, man first must educate himself. He must learn his place among the final truths of existence. Only by knowing these varieties for what they are can he work toward acceptance of them and his own lot (Gerber). Frost s poems seemed like dark meditations on common unsaid thoughts; he is a modern poet that seemed ahead of his time in the standard to which his work is inscribed with ambiguity and how abstract it was. Frost s poetry uniqueness is what makes it adored by most literary scholars. His poetry s simplicity along with its ambiguity makes it so unique that his poetry was thought to be transcendental at one point in history. He was said to have enriched his style by setting natural meters against of speech against traditional meters. Religion to Frost was not an important factor in writing or living, in fact, he was an atheist for the longest time. He always said that real meaning was the most obvious. Modernism is an English genre of fiction, which

In the Cut Free Essays

string(55) " is portrayed as a never ending danger zone for women\." Critically explore the themes of fairytale, memory and narrative in Jane Campion’s film In the Cut in relation to dominant ideology and gender. The essay proposed shall examine the way in which ideology and gender help portray the themes of fairytale, memory and narrative. By focusing on ideology through gender in the film, it shall firstly analyse ideology and then gender and combine the two. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Cut or any similar topic only for you Order Now Important to note here, is that throughout the film gender and ideology is closely linked and throughout the film, narrative is linked to gender and ideology and together they build upon a dominance in the gender ideology. Therefore the essay presented will look at ideology, gender, and narrative separately and then show how they form to complement each other using fairytale and memory as a catalyst to their dominance. Gender – Throughout the film, In the Cut gender roles and femininity is explored. In the movie the female plays the main protagonist, which is a recent idea as it has normally been the man who takes on such a role. I am going to explore how this is carried out and what this means for the way in which gender is portrayed in the film. Laura Mulvey talks in detail about women and media in her chapter Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, in this paper Mulvey looks at the way in which a psychoanalytical approach to look at film shows the constant patriarchy found within the history of film and how this notion is constantly reproduced within the structure of cinema and fascination today. The gaze used in cinema according to Mulvey is a male gaze and the women are â€Å"to-be-looked-at. â€Å"In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness. â€Å" (Mulvey in Penley: 1988:62). The detective is intrigued by Franny this alpha male figure holds power while the woman is always the passive object to the man. Women that are displayed as the sexual object are the ongoing, reoccurring musical theme of the male’s desire. From strip teasing to seducing they constantly represent male’s desire. Mulveys ideas takes a rather Freudian notion of the woman. The woman is someone who is subjected almost flawed by her own biological functions. Her lack of a penis is symbolized through the procreation of children. This idea deriving from Derrirda whereby a woman is a man who is not fully developed therefore being significantly lower than the man in a Darwinian hierarchy. â€Å"A true man has no sex (†¦ for he must be his sex. † (Derrida: 1978:181) Femininity in the film is commonly associated with romance, sex and blood. In the film In the Cut, we can see that the colour red is used significantly with the women characters; this colour shows how femininity is used in accordance to love, romance and sex. Franny demands attention when she is embarking on sexual activity. Franny is intrigued by it and drawn into it; she gains pleasure from it and plays a dominant role. The idea of this being different is that normally a female protagonist would not play this role, and the way in which it is carried out marks independence for her character, the film here shows an emphasis towards the red dress that her sister wears and then she wears in the ending scene, there is also associations with red in desire, in the bar when she watches sexual activity the whole room is red. Romance is embedded amongst each main character. These characters are Franny her sister Pauline, Detective Malloy and his partner Detective Rodriguez. These character have a link toward opposition, the two females can be compared by the audience, as can be the two males. Here we seek to find what their stories hold. Each character is infatuated with romance and lust, Franny sees beauty of romance in her memory of her father and also in poetry, her sister finds romance in conventional social formalities, such as marriage lust to love which she desires with a doctor and having children. The two males are almost troubled males, the detective has a troubled pass being molested as a child, and wants a romance where he can provide not just sex for his partner. This is shown when he is troubled by the murders, and when he takes Franny to a park and does not wish to have sexual relations. Rodriguez is troubled of the idea of being â€Å"a house husband† in the ending scene he wants to be able to control women and not let himself be controlled. Here the ideas of femininity and masculinity are embedded through the film, each character has a fixation with marriage, the image of the woman in a wedding suit and a cut arm portrays the violence associated with marriage and failed/troubled masculine and feminine identities. Feminine power seems to cause disruption throughout the film. In Campion’s film, it’s as if the roles are reversed and then turned back again. The male seems to be a disruption and plays with Franny’s mind, however its Franny’s femininity which causes her to be led into her own trap. The ending of the film sees Franny as still almost to her death wanting to be in control but this city setting in which she wants to be in charge almost has to kill her before she can hold power. According to Thornham masculinity is played almost exclusively throughout the film. If we look at the way in which the two detectives talk amongst each other and whilst Franny is there than we can see that they use her as an object and as an audience to show off their male desires. (Thornham: 2007). â€Å"Women walk arm in arm in pairs; when we glimpse them alone they are running. (†¦ )Public spaces are unsafe meeting places for women. † ( Thornham:2007:37). This idea of New York is portrayed as a never ending danger zone for women. You read "In the Cut" in category "Papers" Franny is unsafe even in her own home she is penetrated by male intruders, from the beginning we see her ex in the garden which thus amplifies this. From Sue Thornhams article she associates the film with a feminine inadequacy, the female wanting to hold power but not quite getting there. This in and out feeling is associated with the film through the female protagonist. By depicting this picture we can see straight away that it is taken from a busy Town in America, from the busy road the dress code of the two women and the infamous yellow taxi. These images are what the mass audience know, and in a Marxist light, the metropolis working class proletariat are being subjected. Hence, in the film we can see that these familiarities accompany the dominant ideology of gender. From this image taken from the film we can see how gender is incorporated within the film, the brunette is obviously a woman dedicated to her job, and there is a sense of freedom with the blonde in the red. Straight away we pick up on connoted messages from the denoted. Saussure’s structuralist work on the signifier proves adequate on this note, our familiarity of the scene, setting, and ideology is portrayed from what is being signified. This image that is constantly displayed plays on the dominance of the gender ideology and the recognition of realism to an extent that we passively pertain to the â€Å"real† and see it as an adequate replica. Thus noting on the build up of gender and how it should be played across within society. This idea of space signifies the female protagonist’s form of being the only character to move through all of these spaces. Although Malloy does, embark on this freedom to an extent, we do not see him in the strip club, or at the main ending scene, in this scene his is tied up in her apartment. This idea of space enables the story to be told through a narrative looked at in the eyes of the female. Ideology- From here we can see that the dominant portrayal of gender and ideology is clearly marked throughout the film. â€Å"According to the principles of the ruling ideology (†¦ ) the male figure cannot bear the burden of sexual objectification. † (Mulvey in Penley: 1988:63). Dominant ideology of gender is represented through the way in which the male and the female are represented. In the movie what marks as odd is when the Frannys ex John Graham says: †my mom use to dress me in girls clothes. (In the Cut: 2003). This already draws as strange to the audience. His character also portrays Frannys failed relationships and plays upon our desire to see her in a stable relationship. If the male is sexually objectified, in any case for example in the new James Bond movies, we always need a female character to create the desire. However in reversal the woman by hers elf creates desire. â€Å"Cinematic codes present a gaze, a world, and an object thereby producing an illusion cut to the measure of desire. † (Mulvey in Reynolds: 1988:67). Mulvey explains here that the way in which the male is portrayed is as if a mirrored image of the ruling ideology in society. Everything about the male character, suggests how they should be in reality. For example, if we look at film the male character who is the superstar he holds characteristics that are not around sex and glamour but a more perfect ideology so it can thus signify the main motive of the protagonist and societal ideologies. Ideology in film is a concept cited and drawn on by many media theorists. When the Frankfurt started it, it was the first set of theorists to look at culture and the media to be a marker of capitalism and yet another way of the bourgeoisie to dupe us. Jameson talks of film to be a suppressed set of images injected with hidden meaning and ways to exploit its audience. (Jameson, 1991). Where do these theorists then get their views? By watching a film it is us the audience who are meant to gain an emotion or draw up a conclusion on what we have seen. If we take cinema to be an art then one can argue that cinema is meant to be read in the eyes of the conglomerate elite. A work of art understood dynamically (†¦ ) is images in the feelings and mind of the spectator. †(Eisenstein in Andrews: 1984:49). This idea of representation presented by Andrews is that ideology and representation go hand in hand the only way in which ideology can be formulated within a movie is through these representations to that which is familiar to the audience. â€Å"No matt er what appears on the screen, audiences will instinctively shape it into a representation of something familiar to them. † (Andrew: 1984:47). Andrews talks of realism and how it is portrayed within cinema. In the film In the Cut it starts off with camera techniques using shots that are mostly pan shots at the beginning of the film and finally resulting into close ups, we are shown the way in which we as an audience are made to recognise the settings. For example, at the beginning of the film In the Cut, we can see images of Franny, if we take one of the introducing scenes where we are introduced to her student Cornelius, we are shown the scene from a road away, however as the film progresses so does the cameras closeness. This movement of the camera subconsciously inflects a message onto the audience to know when to be drawn in and out. In this way ideology is formulated from the very start of the movie. (Andrew: 1984). In the film, when Franny remembers her dad, it can be looked at as very Freudian; she is almost fantasizing about him and wanting to be with a man just like him. This shows the way that the representation of gender used in cinema portrays patriarchy as an ideology. Noting here on at Jacques Lacan`s idea, which states that when a child recognizes his own image in a mirror; it marks the central part of ego formation. Meaning by looking in the mirror and observing oneself forms an image and constructs an identity. (Mulvey :1988). This idea of a familiar setting is observed throughout the film. We relate to Franny’s, work ethic and her curiosity resembles the audience’s investigatory role. Narrative- Narratives is closely linked to cinema as film is an ongoing documentary; which is much more explicit in telling a story then say a magazine advert. In the film In the Cut I will look at how narrative is represented and why it uses fairytale and memory as significant in relation to dominant ideology and gender. Before watching a film, Bordwell and Thompson argue that we already know to an extent what to expect, and we know to an extent how the narrative will pan out. The idea of narrative is not just about the story but can be about the desire of wanting to know more, the idea that we want to follow the protagonist, this idea of narrative is popular with many structuralists. Mulvey claims that this active/passive opposition controls the narrative structure. These binary oppositions that are used in film are looked at closely by structuralist Claude Levi Strauss. He looked at themes within a film and how they motivated deeper meanings from capturing these binary oppositions. Bordwell and Thompson argue in Film Art that a narrative is recognised from early distinguished stories in life. For example we associate a films narrative from birth, when we are children we look at fairytales and are infatuated by these stories, these fairytales stay with us and from film we form an attachment. We can also see this in religion and how these stories can be captured in our inner conscious by film. (Bordwell and Thompson: 1997). Serei Eisenstein believed that it was more effective if films narrative was not shot in a linear direction, thus making the narrative obvious. Instead the film should be shot in different chronicle arrangements in order for the mind to jump and build on its own conclusions. â€Å"In a more light-hearted way it is used today in pop videos and advertising to encourage us to make associations and link ideas. † (Bordwell and Thompson: 1977:4). In the film In the Cut, we can see that the idea of fairytale is carefully portrayed and used in different chronological arrangements to maintain its emphasis. â€Å"In childhood we learn fairytales and myths (†¦), the prevalence of stories in our lives is one reason we need to take a close look at how films may embody narrative form. (Bordwell and Thompson: 1997:59). There are numerous scenes where we see how ideas of fairytale (not just for Franny) are perpetuated, throughout the narrative of the film. Her memory is linked with typical fairytales, what I mean by typical fairytale, is that what we associate with old folk tales. The story that has a beginning a middle where a n issue is dealt with and an ending which seeks exaggerated happiness and a moral issue that is learnt. In ‘In The cut’ we can see when Franny is remembering her past she sees it as if a fairytale. The light becomes lighter and colour is drawn out, this provides us with a fairytale like image as it far from the reality signified in the film. Here I mean that in the films everyday cinematic language, colours are normal, setting and light have a reoccurrence however when Franny uses memory to envisage her fairytale fantasy. The image we are shown is completely different to the one that marks reality. The idea that love conquers all that her father fell in love and it didn’t matter about the other woman holds the fairytale ideal. We also know it is fairytale like as it holds certain characteristics that we hold as fairytale like. Andrew: 1984). Another account in which we fairytale and childhood can be interpereted, is the way in which Franny holds a childlike state, she is dazzled by the world around her and is excited by danger. This analysis is seen throughout the film, she is watching through a Childs eyes. By the end of the film Franny adapts a child like romance. She runs out the house and behaves erratically, she follows a man into the car with no hesitation and her child like behaviour is drawn closer when she wakes up in the car as if a child, and is excited by where she is and where she is going. Her amazement reels the child behaviour to an end when she finally shots the murderer and its as if she has grown up or been born again as a new person who loses her ability to fight, when she is covered in blood and is ignored by society shows her rejection she walks in solitude and engages in no conversation her emotionless character that then returns to her home and to the detective without even conversing with him shows her lack of defeat. Vladimir Propp, analysed fairytales and found 31 different functions that a fairytale holds, he also describes 8 different characters. This vary from the hero leaving the home, the hero having tension between the opposition, the man claiming to be a hero and then finally the issues are resolved. (Propp: 1968). Every story whether it be in media should be looked act in this structuralist light. By structurally analysing In the Cut in accordance to fairytale, we need to ask who the hero is. If the hero is solely Franny then who do Malloy, Pauline and Rodriguez play. The film starts of with Franny being in a normal state then encountering with Malloy becomes the start of the equilibrium being disrupted, if she is the hero then she needs to resolve the issue of the murder, however the murderer becomes unclear to her, and in the conclusion of the film, the fairytale does not have its sufficient ending Malloy is left in handcuffs and although Franny lays next to him she merely rest next to him as a pose to kissing him, realising him or even getting back to a normal state. Therefore this film defies the structuralist outline proposed by both Propp and to an extent Todrov, as the equilibrium is not resolved or even in a calm state. Is the murderer dead? Was Malloy involved or is he a hidden hero? These unresolved issues come to the conclusion that we as an audience have not had the satisfaction, of a hero narrative nor a fairytale narrative. Memory is also used in the film; we can see this throughout the film. Franny is always remembering her past and her past effects her future, everything that means anything happens on her fixation towards memory. From the very beginning the detective becomes consistent on knowing if she remembers anything from the night of a murder. Her relationship with the other main characters for example the detective Malloy, he always asks her to remember if anything happened and she ask him about his memory of the same night too, this is in order for her to find if he was involved in her murder. Their sex life is looked at immensely and part of this is based on memory, memory of his sexual past about when an older woman either raped him or abused him and how he knows how to perform in the present. The whole scene mentioned above when she remember her parents love life is entwined in fairytale and memory. Her memory is childlike and her approach to situations is almost childlike until the final ending scene where she shoots the murderer. She is almost vulnerable all the time and has a naive character which links to her memory. In conclusion, this essay has critically assessed Jane Campion’s film In the Cut, by focusing on ideology, gender and narrative. By looking at ideology we can see how gender is perpetuated throughout the film, through different notions of analysing femininity we have seen how a women is presented in society portraying a patriarchal society, where film is obsessed with the female gaze, leaving the male as a perfect form of power. (Mulvey:1988). We have then noted that through narrative fantasy/fairytale and memory portray this ideal of a patriarchal society. Form structuralists such as Propp and Strauss we have analysed the way in which narrative is portrayed however discovered the inadequacy of looking at this film through narrative solely and by viewing gender and psychoanalysis we can draw a conclusion of femininity representation. Bibliography †¢Andrew, D: (1984) Concepts in Film Theory. New York, Oxford University Press. †¢Mulvey, L in Penley, C: (1988) Feminism and Film Theory. New York, Routledge. †¢Cook, P and Johnston, C in Penley, C: (1988) Feminism and Film Theory. New York, Routledge. †¢Thornham, S: (2007). Starting to Feel Like a Chick. Feminist Media Studies. 7:1 33-46 †¢Propp, V: (1968). Morphology of the Folktale. Texas. University of Texas Press. †¢Jameson, F: (1991). Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London, Durham University Press. †¢Barthes, R: (1997). Image-Music-Text. London. Fontana Press †¢Derrida, J :(1978). A Derrida Reader : Between the Blinds. London, Wheatsheaf. †¢Bordwell, D. Thompson, K: (1997). Film Art an Introduction. New York, The McGraw-hill Companies. How to cite In the Cut, Papers

Software Testing in Auckland Companies Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Software testing in Auckland Companies. Answer: Introduction The software program testing is an activity that is carried out when it comes to analysing of the software quality along with enhancing it in relation to offering (guide to the software developers) (Ammann Offutt, 2016). The objective of the testing is too methodically in addition to a stepwise detection of the different classes of faults that are within the minimum amount of tie and with less amount of the effort. The software testing is a relevance element of the software quality assurance and also you will find variety of company in Auckland up to forty percent of their resources with regards to testing (Ammann Offutt, 2016). The modern software systems needs to be incredibly reliable along with correct. The automatic methods for making certain that the software program is right vary from the static techniques for example the type of the software examining or perhaps the static analysis, along with the dynamic methods for instance the testing . Each one of these techniques have strengths along with weaknesses , an illustration is the model checking which is automatic , comprehensive however it could suffer from the facet of scalability (Kasoju, Petersen Mntyl, 2013). On the other aspect the static analysis, scales to the substantial programs but they might offer spurious safety measures, whilst the testing alone possibly will miss on all the essential error since they will be inherently imperfect. It is very important note that the software testing must not happen by the end of the software lifecycle, but rather must happen in the identical to the development process (Cohen, Gibbons, Mugridge Colbourn, 2003). It relates to a lot time in addition to a wide range of effort even with the utilization of the automated software program testing applications (Chauhan Singh, 2014). The software testing is an extremely difficult task, because it is difficult to determine about how the software will malfunction particularly when it has been invoked towards the end users especially in the real world (Cohen, Gibbons, Mugridge Colbourn, 2003). It has been used in the verification as well as validation that the functional requirements have been met. The software testing ensures that the software design, the codes as well as the documentations are all met by a given organization or perhaps the external standards set by the software testing the bodies which governs. This research is intended to be undertaken on software testing in Auckland (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). The research will provide an awareness of the process of testing the software particularly in Auckland. Additionally, it would provide the software developers as well as the stakeholders on the significance of the software testing, and the techniques of testing. Literature review The software testing process is the method for the software development lifecycle that has been used when it comes to detecting on the software failures early enough when the software is been developed to be able to correct on the software before it could be used by the end users (Au, Baker, Warren Dobbie, 2008). The software testing process entails the examination and the execution to the codes of the software and make sure it is functioning as required (Grundy, Ding Hosking, 2005). Based on Gelperin and Hetzel they had presented the evolution of the software test engineering that is traced through examining on the changes in the testing process model as well as on the level of the professionalism over the past decade. The two phase model such as the demonstration and the destruction models as well as the two life cycles like evolution and prevention models have all been provided in order to describe the growth of the testing of the software (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). These authors have also explained on the prevention orientated testing methodology based on the models. According to Richardson and Malley they proposed approaches which focusses on the usage of the specification when it came to the selecting of the test cases (Kasoju, Petersen Mntyl, 2013). They highlighted on the specification based testing through extending on the wide range of the implementation based on the testing techniques which should be applied to the formal specification languages and be able to determine these approaches to the Larch specification languages. The origins of the literature on the software testing has dated back to the early 70s , testing was conceived like an art, and it was exemplified to be the destructive process through which there was execution of the program with the intention of finding the errors. It is during this period that Dijkstra who cited on the aphorism in regards to the software testing which could only show the presence of the faults, but rather not on their absence. In the 80s there was clearly supposition in relation to testing to the status of the engineered discipline, and there was clearly have to look at the alterations to the goals from just the error discovery to much more extensive together with positive view of the prevention. Nowadays development continues to be considered to be a vast along with continuous activity via the improvement process (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). There have been a lot study designed in the early years but it has matured into methods along with tools which help in making test design contemplating to be more systematic along with incorporate it within the means of development. There has been numerous test that has recently been offered when it comes to the industrial adoption, among which the most desired model is the V and all its variant share the variation of the minimum unit, integration as well as the system levels for the testing. Research methodology In this research there was use of the web based survey as the selected way for the research because of its convenience along with greater efficiency. There was clearly sending of email with a link to the participant to have the ability to take part in the survey. Due to internet having access to that has already been common in individuals lives with most of the software company in Auckland possessing an electronic message address, an online survey evolved into the most desired over the other techniques. In spite of its downsides the online surveys are less expensive in addition to convenient, to both the respondents and researchers. The categories which were examined were on the software testing training and experience, existing software training methods, and when it should be done. The survey included both close ended and open ended questions. Findings and Discussion Based on the findings the testing methods as well as techniques in the Auckland appears to become more constrained because of the deficiency of the resources along with experiences to the developers. Most of the companies are adapting the manual testing. The manual testing is a part of the testing process, there is certainly a trend in the direction of the automated testing. The most popular testing that has been done by most of the organization is the black box testing to be able to ensure that the software program have worked correctly depending on the requirements. The techniques for example the inspections as well as the static techniques were much less used since they require a lot of time and experience from the developers. Further result reveal that as a result of time and the high cost, many of the software organization did not utilize fully on the software testing methodologies. Some organization highlighted that they did not use any given methodology but rather they used ad hoc testing method. How software testing is carried out in Auckland Based on the software requirement specification the task program is created. The accountability of the software program testers is usually to be in a position to produce the software test plan from the software program requirement plan and the task plan (Rushby, 2005). The developers generally begin to code from the layout (Patton, 2001). The project work is split up into the numerous modules and these modules of the project are circulated among the various developers. The responsibility of the tester should be to create a particular scenario and write the test cases depending on the assigned modules. The data could possibly be maintained manually in the excel test case template or perhaps the bug tracking tools. When the developers have finalized on the personal modules those modules are after that allocated to the testers (Rushby, 2005). There is certainly then carrying of the smoke testing that could be carried out on these types of modules and in the event it neglects on these te st, the modules are after that reassigned to the respective developers for almost any fix (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). In the event of any passed modules, the manual testing might be carried out from created test cases. In the event that there is certainly any bug that could be found that could be assigned to the module developer and it might get logged in the bug tracking tool, the bug fix, there is a bug verification along with regression testing which should be carried out to the other related modules (Patton, 2001). If the bug passes the strategy of verification it will be then marked as a verified along with marked as closed (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). The above pointed out bug cycle could become repeated. There are several tests that happen to be performed by the Auckland developers to the various modules in addition to integration testing on the module integration (Rushby, 2005). These tests could involves compatibility testing, which involves testing of the program on the various hardware, the software platforms, and the operating system versions. Additionally, there is the load testing which is one to the software requirement specification. The system testing is carried out through the creation of the virtual client environment, if it passes on this test cases, there is a test report which is prepared and a decision is taken for releasing of that particular product. existing software testing methods In the research survey it was clear that many of the developers in Auckland used functional testing as comparison to the structural testing. They carried out black box testing instead of the inner logic testing (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). The black box is any specific device which has internal information and the functioning are not recognized or maybe designed for the users. It is the testing of the software program depending on the specifications along with the output requirements and without any type of knowledge of the coding or maybe the internal structure in the system (Kuhn, Wallace Gallo, 2004). The primary purpose of this methodology is to test about how well the method might comply with a particular requirements for the method. The black box testing carries little or maybe no know-how to the internal logical framework of the given program. It aim is to make sure that all the inputs have been properly accepted as well as the outputs have been produced correctly. White box testing the internal details as well as the structure are made to become visible (Richardson, O'Malley Tittle, 1989). This method is very efficient especially in detecting as well as resolving problems, since the bugs can be found before even they could cause problems. This method of testing software process could be regarded as the knowledge of the internal structure as well as the coding. The software needed to work well, therefore the functional testing was regarded as an important aspect by many developers in Auckland (Chauhan Singh, 2014). Many of the developers in Auckland acts as the testers in the software organizations and hence the structural testing, for example the unit testing was much common. Aspect as the integration, security as well as recovery testing was also highlighted by many respondents. Dynamic and static testing The dynamic testing involves the execution of the software program. This might consist of the box testing, white testing along with the hoc testing. In the study not every respondent pointed out they would do the black box testing however they also ticked the dynamic testing (Sung Paynter, 2006). This might reveal certain misunderstanding in relation to the conditions in the questionnaire or maybe some inconsistency which is within the software testing process (Majchrzak, 2010). This can be very evident in the literature exactly where the conditions were not used in a regular manner. Nevertheless, it is extremely distinct from the survey done just that the dynamic testing was the most typical compared to the inspection or maybe the static testing methods (Majchrzak, 2010). The technique of inspections, syntax and walkthrough could be time consuming and this might be the reason as to the reasons many developers in Auckland overlooked on these processes. Manual and Automated testing The automated method is becoming more popular but based on the results the manual testing is much more common in Auckland. One method used for automatic testing is the Ranorex (Richardson, O'Malley Tittle, 1989). This is a simple but yet a comprehensive as well as a cost effective tool which is used in the automatic testing. It is the best alternative as comparison to the other testing tools since it tests the programs from the perspective of the users, using the standard language and the common programming techniques such as the C+ and the VB.net (Hao Mendes, 2006). The method does not require any understanding of the scripting language, since it is coded in pure. Net code. Software testing strategies The software testing strategies integrate on different software test case design methodologies to the well planned series of the steps which result in the successful testing of the software (Hao Mendes, 2006). The software testing strategies are significant to testing. Some of these are as follows: Unit testing This is done at the lowest level. This testing is intended to test on the basic unit of the software, that may be module or perhaps component (Majchrzak, 2010). This testing is on the levels of the testing that contribute in order to make the big picture of the testing to be the whole system. Integration testing This is done when two or perhaps more tested units have been combined to a large structure (Majchrzak, 2010). The testing is usually done on the interfaces which can be between the components and the larger structure which is being constructed. System testing This testing usually intends to test on the end to end quality of the entire system. It is based on the functional as well as the requirements specifications of a given system (Hao Mendes, 2006). The quality attributes such as the security, maintainability as well as the reliability are all checked. Acceptance testing This is carried out when the complete system has been handed over to the clients or perhaps the users from the side of the developer (Verma Arora, 2014). Figure 1: This diagram highlights the various strategies for testing When is software testing done Testing of the software can be done at the start of the development of the software life cycle. Based on the respondent in Auckland highlighted that most of the errors which are identified are found in the testing phase that is already been introduced in the requirement of perhaps the design phase (Schwieren, Vossen Westerkamp, 2006). The defects which are identified later in the software development are very expensive to fix as comparison to the defects found in the early stages (Kaur Singh, 2014). The testing needs to start early in order to avoid the introduction of any defects in the early phase. The testing of the software early helps to achieve cost effectiveness. The testing start early in the development of the software in order to solve the problem as early as the bug are found, they become cheaper in order to fix them. In the requirement phase in case there is any issue or perhaps a conflict is found it would take little time to fix on the issue and it becomes much cheape r than fixing the bug in the actual testing (Schwieren, Vossen Westerkamp, 2006). If it was in the maintenance phase it means it costs more after the product is going to be produced (Kaur Singh, 2014). The testing should be designed as much as possible in order to find on the defects of the highest severity as well as the highest relevance to the users (Sung Paynter, 2006). Testing at the start helps to validate that the system has been developed based on the requirements of the users. The validation should be done to ensure that the developers are building on the right system, as well as helping in the making of the decision, which is important for the risk management. Conclusion The software testing is becoming very important when it comes to the development of the software and its importance has been recognized in the information technology industry. Nonetheless, the clear common guidelines as well as the standards which govern the software compact nature of numerous software advancement firms, most of the key elements were neglected and testing has not gained much recognition it should get. This continues to be predictable in several to the numerous developers particularly in which they had to be multi-skilled and testing function needs to be separated. The quality is the major focus to any of the software engineering project and without measuring, it could not be possible to understand the degree of the quality in a particular software. The strategies to the measurement of the quality are software testing techniques. This research has related to the various king of the testing technique which could be applied in the measuring of the various quality attrib utes. It is important to constantly to be able to summarize on the new achievements and propose on the various ideas to promote the study on software testing process. 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